Por Cláudia Viviane Viegas
Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção da Unisinos

Muito se escreve e se estuda sobre desperdícios na produção agrícola, industrial, em transportes e em serviços diversos. Matéria-prima, estoques e tempo desperdiçados são temas recorrentes na Engenharia de Produção. O olhar para além da fábrica ou do fluxo direto de produção, no entanto, é bem mais recente quando se trata de avaliar perdas.

A logística reversa – fluxos de materiais, produtos, embalagens desde o ponto final de consumo até pontos de possível reaproveitamento ou transformação no mesmo segmento de origem ou em outro(s) – é algo relativamente novo nos estudos de Engenharia. Embora venha sendo praticada há muito tempo em situações como a da Guerra Civil Norte-Americana (1861-1865), como estratégia de agilidade e eficiência, a logística reversa entrou para os estudos formais há apenas duas décadas. 

Foi em 1998 que Dale Rogers e Ronald Tibben-Lembke apresentaram casos dessas práticas no livro Going Backwards, Reverse Logistics Trends and Practices. Começou aí a busca por respostas na pesquisa.

Mas o que a logística reversa tem a ver com nossas vidas e como ela pode melhorar nosso futuro?

A importância mais contundente da logística reversa está nos desperdícios que pode evitar e nas oportunidades de negócios que é capaz de gerar, se bem planejada. Ela está por todos os locais nas nossas relações de consumo. Por exemplo, das 100 milhões de lâmpadas fluorescentes consumidas no Brasil, 94% têm como destino aterros impróprios. Isso causa danos ambientais e à saúde. Também impede que se aproveitem elementos residuais que servem para outros processos produtivos, mas que são nocivos, como o mercúrio. Esse cenário está gradativamente se modificando com o acordo setorial assinado entre representantes de fabricantes, distribuidores, varejistas e governo, em novembro de 2014. Desde então, novos negócios de reciclagem estão sendo criados, gerando empregos que demandam qualificação específica.

Outro exemplo bem próximo são os medicamentos – vencidos ou não – que guardamos em nossas casas. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), embora não recomende a reutilização de medicamentos usados e não vencidos, pela incerteza quanto à eficácia dos respectivos princípios ativos, dispõe de um guia de melhores práticas para casos emergenciais. A realidade nos mostra que é crescente o número de pessoas sem condições de comprar medicamentos básicos. A essa população, aliam-se estrangeiros que ingressam em nosso país também em condição vulnerável. A logística reversa de medicamentos, dentro de práticas rigorosas e sob acompanhamentos médico e farmacêutico, contribuiria para um futuro melhor. Iniciativas de pequena escala, como a criada há três anos no município de Farroupilha, beneficiam cerca de 90 pessoas por semana e já impediram, de julho de 2015 a dezembro de 2017, o descarte incorreto de 1,5 milhão de toneladas de medicamentos usados. Para fabricantes, distribuidores e varejistas do setor, juntar-se a esse debate ainda é um desafio, pois é preciso resolver problemas da cadeia direta de medicamentos, como custos de inovação, distribuição, concorrência, entre outros, antes de olhar para os canais reversos como novos negócios.

Leia outros artigos e entrevistas publicados no caderno DOC

Muitos devem estar se perguntando sobre custos e segurança da logística reversa. Esses são, em grande parte das cadeias produtivas, gargalos que requerem maior capacidade de pesquisa. Independentemente disso, a Lei 12.305/2010 é clara sobre a obrigação de prática da logística reversa por grande parte das cadeias produtivas no Brasil – exceções são os setores de materiais radioativos e de resíduos de saúde, regidos por outras leis.

Nosso papel, como consumidores e cidadãos, parece simples: escolher produtos, serviços e fornecedores já inseridos nas estruturas da logística reversa. Mas não é só isso. O mais importante está na nossa capacidade de praticar o olhar retrospectivo nas relações de consumo. Nossa imaginação está habituada a olhar "de trás para a frente" em contextos lúdicos. Como nos filmes em que se rebobinam cenas ao inverso, para tentar reconstituir um fato ou ato no tempo. Mas e se usássemos esse artifício para pensar o não desperdício em tudo que consumimos"> 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